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LO feedthrough: The response on the display when a spectrum analyzer
is tuned to 0 Hz, i.e. when the LO is tuned to the IF. The LO feedthrough
can be used as a 0-Hz marker, and there is no frequency error.
Log display: The display mode in which vertical deflection on the display
is a logarithmic function of the voltage of the input signal. We set the
display calibration by selecting the value of the top line of the graticule,
the reference level, and scale factor in dB/div. On Agilent analyzers, the
bottom line of the graticule represents zero volts for scale factors of 10 dB/div
or more, so the bottom division is not calibrated in these cases. Modern
analyzers allow reference level and marker values to be indicated in dBm,
dBmV, dBuV, volts, and in some cases, watts. Earlier analyzers usually
offered only one choice of units, and dBm was the usual choice.
Marker: A visible indicator that we can place anywhere along the displayed
signal trace. A read out indicates the absolute value of both the frequency
and amplitude of the trace at the marked point. The amplitude value is given
in the currently selected units. Also see Delta marker and Noise marker.
Measurement range: The ratio, expressed in dB, of the maximum signal
level that can be measured (usually the maximum safe input level) to the
lowest achievable average noise level. This ratio is almost always much
greater than can be realized in a single measurement. See Dynamic range.
Mixing mode: A description of the particular circumstance that creates a
given response on a spectrum analyzer. The mixing mode, e.g. 1
+
, indicates
the harmonic of the LO used in the mixing process and whether the input
signal is above (+) or below (–) that harmonic.
Multiple responses: Two or more responses on a spectrum analyzer display
from a single input signal. Multiple responses occur only when mixing
modes overlap and the LO is swept over a wide enough range to allow
the input signal to mix on more that one mixing mode. Normally not
encountered in analyzers with preselectors.
Negative peak: The display detection mode in which each displayed point
indicates the minimum value of the video signal for that part of the
frequency span and/or time interval represented by the point.
Noise figure: The ratio, usually expressed in dB, of the signal-to-noise
ratio at the input of a device (mixer, amplifier) to the signal-to-noise ratio
at the output of the device.
Noise marker: A marker whose value indicates the noise level in a 1 Hz
noise power bandwidth. When the noise marker is selected, the sample
display detection mode is activated, the values of a number of consecutive
trace points (the number depends upon the analyzer) about the marker
are averaged, and this average value is normalized to an equivalent value
in a 1 Hz noise power bandwidth. The normalization process accounts
for detection and bandwidth plus the effect of the log amplifier when we
select the log display mode.
- Spectrum Analysis Basics 1
- Table of Contents 2
- — continued 3
- Chapter 1 4
- Introduction 4
- What is a spectrum? 5
- Why measure spectra? 6
- Types of measurements 8
- Types of signal analyzers 8
- Chapter 2 10
- Spectrum Analyzer 10
- Fundamentals 10
- Accuracy.” 11
- RF attenuator 12
- Tuning the analyzer 12
- IF gain 16
- Resolving signals 16
- H(4000) = –10(4) log 18
- Residual FM 19
- Phase noise 20
- Sweep time 22
- Digital resolution filters 23
- Envelope detector 24
- Displays 25
- Detector types 26
- Positive peak 27
- Negative peak 27
- One bucket 27
- (positive) detection 28
- Peak (positive) detection 29
- Negative peak detection 29
- Normal detection 29
- 1Buckets 2 3 4 5678910 31
- Average detection 32
- Averaging processes 33
- Video filtering 34
- Trace Averaging 36
- Time gating 38
- RF signal 40
- Gate signal 40
- Gated FFT 42
- Gated video 42
- Gated sweep 43
- Chapter 3 44
- Digital IF Overview 44
- The all-digital IF 45
- Custom signal processing IC 47
- Frequency counting 47
- Chapter 4 49
- Amplitude and 49
- Frequency Accuracy 49
- Frequency response 51
- Relative uncertainty 52
- Absolute amplitude accuracy 52
- Improving overall uncertainty 53
- The digital IF section 54
- Examples 55
- Frequency accuracy 56
- Chapter 5 58
- Sensitivity and Noise 58
- Noise figure 61
- Preamplifiers 62
- Spectrum analyzer 63
- –10 –5 0 +5 +10 64
- Noise as a signal 65
- 1% (±0.044 dB) 67
- Chapter 6 70
- Dynamic Range 70
- Attenuator test 74
- 2nd order 78
- Gain compression 80
- Chapter 7 83
- Extending the 83
- Frequency Range 83
- Image frequencies 86
- 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 88
- Preselector 90
- Amplitude calibration 91
- Improved dynamic range 92
- External harmonic mixing 96
- Signal identification 98
- Figure 7-17a. 14 100
- Chapter 8 102
- Modern Spectrum Analyzers 102
- Figure 8-1. CCDF measurement 103
- Digital modulation analysis 105
- Saving and printing data 106
- Firmware updates 108
- Glossary of Terms 110
- Agilent Email Updates 120
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